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__**6/5**__ Questions on Reflections on the Cultural Revolution pages 82-84 1) When was this document written and by whom? This document was written by a representative of the CCP taht was trying to explain the errors of the Cultural REvolution while still trying to protect Mao's reputation.

2) According to the document, who was largely to blame for the excesses and mistakes of the Cultural Revolution? The "Gang of Four" is to blame. Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, and their followers apparently took advanatge of Mao's innocent mistakes in order to gain power over the party. They created the havoc and chaos that was rampant throughout the revolution.

3) What errors does the CCP believe Mao was responsible for? The two general errors that Mao was held responsible for were 1) He never properly defined what makes someone an "enemy of the state", so there was a lot fo confusion and blaming among the people of China, and 2) The Communist Revolution had technically already ended in 1949 whne the CCP took over the Nationalist Party, therefore all classes were already obliterated. Yet Mao tried to make a revolution of class struggle as a part of the CR, which caused much confusion among the people.

4) Who seems most responsible according to the document? How does this play into the memory of Mao as a leader and his Cult of Personality? The two people and their followers who seem most responsible according to the document are Lin Biao and Jiang Qing. By placing the blame of the atrocities of the Cultural Revolution n Lin Biao and Jiang Qing instead of Mao, Mao's image would be preserved and even heightened. Mao was made to look like an innocent victim of corrupt Party officials, thus strengthening his Cult of Personality (no one would remember him as the instigator of the Revolution).

5) What does the CCP believe the consequences of the Cultural Revolution are? (4 of them) each person in your group read one, and explain it to others

1- The CCP believes that there was no grounds at all for the definition of the Cultural Revolution being defined as a struggle against the revisionist line or the capitalist road. This led to the confusing of right and wrong of theories and policies. Many things that were denounced as revisionist or capitalist during the revolution, were actually Marxist and socialist principles that have been set by Mao himself. Also, the Cultural Revolution proved many of the correct principle, achievements, and policies to be false. It also nullified struggles of the entire people that had conducted in socialist construction. (By Leah Yunji Park)

Consequence #2: A consequence of the Cultural Revolution was large confusion over who should be accused as an enemy of the state. This allowed counterrevolutionaries such as Lin Biao and Jiang Qing to take advantage of their positions in the CCP, such as denouncing Comrade Liu Shaoqui as an enemy of the people when in actuality he was an honorable comrade. The confusion and corruption of Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, and their followers led to the unnecessary persecution of many intellectuals who were in fact strong members of the Party.

Consequence #3: Different levels of party organizations were attacked and became paralyzed. The leading cadres were criticized and blamed, while inner-Party life came to a standstill. (By Daniel Lee)

Consequence 4: The document states that the Cultural Revolution, technically speaking, did not constitute a "revolution" per se, because there can be no political or economic upheaval in a classless society. Therefore, whatever havoc was imminent through the Cultural Revolution did not manifest itself in a planned, constructive manner, but only brough disorder and damage to Chinese society. Furthermore, the document stresses that every man and woman who were wronged during the Cultural Revolution was wronged in an erroneous spirit, and despite the presence of certain benefits that occurred throughout the Cultural Revolution, the document once again explains that the Cultural Revolution was a disastrous failure, sabotaged through counterrevolutionaries Lin Biao and Jiang Qing and truly a hindrance to the great developments China could have undergone, had they not undergone the Revolution in the first place. (By Chris Nam)

6) Why do you think the document mentions achievements made by China during the Cultural Revolution? The document continues to mention the achievements made by the China during the Cultural Revolution because the CCP still wants to give a sense of nationalism and pride for China to the Chinese people. Just because the CR was atrocious does not mean that China should be considered a horrible country. The members of the CCP wanted to show the people of China that the CR was only just a dark era of corruption (mainly by Lin Biao and Jiang Qing) rather than proof that the CCP was being irresponsible.

7) Describe the tone at the end of the document. Why do you think it ends this way? The tone ends on a very positive, nationalistic note. The author sounds proud of China and its achievements during the CR, despite its negative impact. It ends this way for similar reasons given in the answer to the previous question.The CCP members do not want to end the criticism of the Revolution and of Mao's mistakes on a bad note because that may cause some negative sentiments in the people of China, and by all means this is not what the party wants. They still want the Chinese masses to be proud of their country and their achievements despite the setbacks of the CR. Basically, it's all propaganda. Instead of the CR becoming a reason for questioning the Party, the CCP members make the CR a reason to become even MORE loyal to the Party.

__**6/2**__ Asian Studies Documents notes

7B Rachel Choi "Changes during the summer of 1966" Who: anonymous correspondent of When: Sometime in summer of 1966 For what purpose: to describe the first few weeks of the CR in Shanghai Summarize main points • revolution started indoors first ⁃ schools ⁃ universities ⁃ enterprises ⁃ organizations ⁃ etc. • mostly students and workers • between 10-21st of August, people started processions ⁃ Carried posters of Mao ⁃ National flags • Red posters for anti-revolutionists • Some places of business had their doors sealed by posters until the demands of the red guard had been complied with • Supporters of Red Guard and anti-revisionists became popular ⁃ Revisionists: people who want gradual reform from within (Deng Xiaoping) • Red flag/anti-imperialism became popular What important info does thedoc give you?: posters and portraits of Mao had a big role in the CR; people became more aggressive and they acted against anti-revolutionary people Consider the effects it may have had: heightened the cult of personality of Mao Significance of this source: the doc tells the reader how the CR was like in the beginning of it. This doc also tells you what kind of people were popular at this time and this doc also explains what methods used to change the minds of anti-revolutionary people

7C Jonathan Kim "The 16 points" Who: anonymous, published on "The People's Daily", official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party When: August 9th, 1966 For what purpose: The CHinese government wanted to officially support intellectual and imperialist purges and that the purges are most likely to be the work of the Red Guards Main points: • A New stage in the socialist revolution ⁃ To crush the people who are in authority, who are taking the capitalist road ⁃ To criticize and repudiate the reactionary bourgeoisie academic authorities • The main current and the zigzags ⁃ Because the CR is a revolution, it is inevitably meeting with resistance ⁃ The resistance comes form the people who are taking the capitalist road • The main point of the 16 points: ⁃ Supporting the destruction of intellectual and imperialistic authorities What important information: It tells us that the CCP wanted to reform the country (and China's society) through the CR and to take down capitalist supporting people. also, in the CR the CCP used heavy propaganda to have influence over the people What effects may this have: Some effects may be that since this was written for am oficial newspaper for the CCP, it would show the beneficial side of the CR and to show that the people hwo are taking the capitalist are not doing the right thing Significance of the source: because this is written on an official newspaper, it will show definite bias to glorify the revolution and demonize the capitalists

7D Yunji Park "Reactions to Mao" Who: one letter was by a middle school teacher, one letter was written by a 19 yr old student When: Sometime in September 19th 1966 Purpose: first letter - praising Mao but he was arrested because he got into a bad argument with a red guard a long time ago. the purpose was to show that Mao was basically a god in China. the author of the first letter feels so blessed. second letter - he's going against communist party. questions Mao and where he's taking China Significance: First letter - due to the CR, people started to believe that Mao was a god-like figure. seeing him was a blessing. also, after the teacher's visit to Beijing labeled him as a "counter revolutionary" becausde he had a previous conflict wtith that guard. The teacher was violently beaten by students at the school and the teacher committed suicide. This shows that the CR was used as an excuse for the Red Guard to complete personal gains and motives. Second letter - It shows that not everyone was part of Mao's "cult of personality". He was sentenced to prison for life, but he was released AFTER the CR in the 1970s

7E Chris Nam "Red Guard Smash the Four Olds" Who: Written by Red Guards by Beijing #26 Middle School When: Doesn't say soemtime in the CR Purpose: To show the beliefs that the red guards held and the type of faithfulness the guards held for mao's beliefs Main points: Says about smashing the four olds - "old ideologies, culture, customs, and habits". Basically, the red guards showing great support for Ma. They tell everyone to smash to bits "revisionists, imperialist, and bourgeouis goods" and all things not in accord with Chairman Mao's thoughts. Talks about how Mao Zedong's thoughts should "shine out" over the whole world. Provides a list of ways to destroy the old China and bring in the New CHina (everyone needs the little red book, children sing revolutionary songs) Significance: the red guards showed a lot of support towards how Mao wanted the four olds out of the China. shows how the red guards effectively smashe dthe four olds Effects: This doc would have met growing support throughout most of China and may have garnered support throughout the masses

5/8 Explain the meaning of "Shattered Faith" how does it relate to the story? The meaning of Shattered Faith is that Lee lost her faith in finding her son again. Also, the whole ordeal that Lee has been through made her question her faith many times, and when she finds out about her son, Lee cries out in despair towards God and her faith and comes really close to giving up her religion. Lee gave up hope for finding her son after finding out that he was kidnapped into the DPRK army. Shattered faith could also be a reference to the breaking of the trust between North Korea and South Korea. After the tumultuous ordeals Lee had experienced, as well as millions of other Koreans, the people of South Korea could hardly ever forgive North Korea for what they had done (even though technically both sides did equal bad deeds in the war).

5/7/09 1. The U.S. had to consider whether to continue to march towards the Yalu River or not, and whether the CHinese would tolerate such a decision. 2. According to the reading, the reason why China entered the war was not a defensive tactic. Instead, Mao Ze Dong felt an obligation to help the North Korean people because so many Korean people had died during the Chinese Revolution and the anti-Japanese resistances. He sent the army in the name of a "volunteer army." 3. The Chinese entering into the war had a huge effect on US, ROK, and UN troops. The Chinese armies were not only massive but were able to find a weak spot in the US/ROK/UN defense. There were huge casualties, and the troops support South korea were forced to retreat farther and farther back until a truce was called.

JOURNAL 4/30/09  **4/30 Do countries have an obligation to compensate each other for injustices done in time of war?** Countries //do// have an obligation to compensate each other for injustices done in time of war. Even if "war is war", humanity is humanity and injustices done to other people cannot be excused with the war excuse. However, the compensations should be evenly met, or negotiated between the countries. Forcing an impossible debt on the Germans after World War I was unfair, even though there were many casualties caused by Germany. Germany was equally as devasted as the Allied Powers were and their economy was in a destitute condition, so the Allies should have been more reasonable. But trying to smoothly pass over a horrifying event such as the Nanjing Massacre with a public apology and denial is not the way to solve things and relieve tensions with the offended nation. Humans are humans and they want something for what they have lost.

JOURNAL 4/10/09  **4/10, 4/13 What do you find most shocking about what you have read so far? How do make sense of such cruelty?** There are many shocking things that I have read in the book. Some are just plain cruel, while others are so psychologically twisted I wonder if the Japanese army had a collective psychological break down at that point. It's hard to choose which part was the worst, but as a girl I would have to say the rape of women and the "comfort women" slave system was the most revolting. However, the decimation of the civilians in Nanking was wuite difficult to read as well. I think my former hypothesis was right - there was a collective breakdown in the psyche of the Japanese forces. Perhaps it was their strict and cold upbringing that made them unflinching towards any act of violence. Maybe it was pressure from having fellow soldiers around you to kill as they did. Maybe because the armies did not plow through China as fast as they had hoped, andthe humiliation and frustration was unleashed upon the poor civilians of Nanking. Whichever way, what they did was horrible.

JOURNAL 4/3/09

Is not Japan going ahead too fast? This question is referring to the amazing rate at which Japan was able to industrialize and urbanize using Western technology and institutions. European countries themselves took over a century to successfully industrialize, yet Japan was doing it in a matter of decades. "In some respects, we fear she is." The West is worried that Japan will soon surpass Western nations and become a formidable threat should Japan ever take an offensive stance against them. Also, anything done in a rush will result in some sort of disaster.

DISCUSSION NOTES: Cottleson Pie discussion

2) How does the Heffalump example support the Cottleston Pie principle?

the stuffed animals try to trap the heffalump with honey, but it doesnt work. only pooh is drawn to the honey because that it his unique inner trait. only pooh will be lured by honey

3) Now presented with more evidence regarding Rabbit, what do you think he represents in Tao of Pooh?

Rabbit represents a person who is "educated", but is also easily fooled because of his cleverness.

4) Tigger is introduced for the first time in the story. How does his actions support the idea of Inner Nature?

Tigger goes against his Inner Nature. He was not made to climb trees, yet he tried to climb a tree and got stuck. Tigger has a weakness and doesnt admit it. Tigger tells Roo that Tigger can do anything. He doesnt know his limitations. Tigger ends up getting stuck in a tree. However, his inner trait that is beneficial is that he can bounce anywhere in the forest and not get lost (unlike rabbit)

5) How does Pooh's song on 58 explain the concept of Self-Reliance? Basically, his song revolves around the idea that one must know one's self in order to be self reliant. how can one depend on himself if he doesnt know his weaknesses, his strength, his potentials, and his limitations. pooh follows his inner nature

2/26-2/27 The Tao says that the ruler should "rule by inaction" How do you make sense of this? Is it at all possible? Ruling by inaction doesn't mean to to literally sit there and do nothing. It means to just let things happen as they happen, instead of forcefully creating situations that will just put your kingdom/empire in a precarious position. Do not try to expand your empire using brute force. Don't attack other kingdoms and areas out of greed or spite. Do not try to force up your economy by spending too much on trade or investing in risky businesses. Let thngs happen naturally and peace will be maintained. If another king attacks, defend yourself. If another army plunders your cities, get revenge. I do not think this is possible because humans, especially humans who are placed in positions of power, are either very ambitious, easily corrupted, or both. I don't see how a king would just wait for things to happen; he would want to take some initiative for his kingdom to gain profit.