Gazatteer

What: //Illustrated Gazatteer of Maritime Countries// by Wei Yüan

Why: China's technology was way behind compared to the Western's. However China believed that they are peaceful and civilized, so that they can "overcome the West only if it learns and matches the technology and techniques of the West." Thus, China tried to learn European technologies, method of warfare, and their selfish anarchy.

How: They looked down on the Europeans because they continuously developed technologies and especially weapons in a relentless quest for economic profit and material wealth. The Chinese also praised themselves for being civilized.

Where: China

Who: Wei Yüan

When: In 1884